Publisher: Music Publishers Journal
Publication: Journal - September / October 1945, pp 9, 66, 67
Copyright © Robbins Music Corporation 1945. All rights reserved.
In an article which appeared in the January-February 1944 issue of Music Publishers Journal, I stated that the music of the motion picture is showing constant improvement in quality. I think that I can substantiate this statement by pointing to the contributions of gifted composers and excellent musicians to motion pictures during the past eighteen months. Real progress in musical development is apparent in the new techniques that are being used. More important, the producers of motion pictures are becoming increasingly aware of the value and contribution of music to the entertainment quality and dramatic power of their films.
This awareness has not been gained without effort. We musicians have to be educators too. We have to show, we have to demonstrate clearly, that our part in the making of movies is important, and the best way we can do that is by composing good music. Do you think that simplifies our problem? Perhaps it does, because the need for writing good music, and may I say, good original music, offers a constant challenge to us.
The musician who writes the score for a movie and develops a composition still has to realize that there are limitations. He does not enjoy absolute freedom. He must constantly ponder the drama and the action and the characterizations, in fact, the actual movements of people, in the restrictions that the cinema imposes. He has to consider emotional impact, the shock of drama. He must evaluate mood and pace, timing and tempo. He must invent melodic themes that complement dialogue and action, and those themes must never dominate, for the sound film still depends first on the eye and second on the ear, and these dependencies must be interwoven and embroidered by music.
New Forms, More Recognition - We who compose for the screen must consider time patterns and drama patterns, both of which demand flexibility in composing and smoothness in scoring. I feel that there will be a steady advance in music composed for the screen, that we shall use new forms and new arrangements, and that our contribution as musicians will gain more recognition.
A recent program of the Hollywood Bowl Symphony, conducted by Leopold Stokowski, devoted the first half of its program to excerpts from music originally composed for motion pictures. Among the works presented were Victor Young's symphonic synthesis from FOR WHOM THE BELL TOLLS, Ernst Toch's scherzo from LADIES IN RETIREMENT, Alfred Newman's arrangement for the vision scene in SONG OF BERNADETTE, Max Steiner's music from THE ADVENTURES OF MARK TWAIN, George Bassman's music for the Stag Hunt in THE CANTERVILLE GHOST, Adolph Deutsch's March of the United Nations from ACTION IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC, Frank Churchill's and Edward Plumb's scoring for BAMBI, and my own overture (Athaneal, The Trumpeter) from THE HORN BLOWS AT MIDNIGHT.
It does not seem presumptuous to hope that the work of motion picture composers will be presented again and again, and that recognition of their work by the public will steadily grow. Judging from the fan mail of the composers, people have gone to see the same movie three, four, even five times in order to listen to the music scores. In the files of the various music departments in the Hollywood studios there are thousands of letters from people asking for copies or recordings of the themes from motion picture scores.
We may soon have the ideal situation in which serious students of music will be able to study our scores, and audiences will be able to hear our compositions played by great orchestras. Already some of these motion picture scores, such as Bernard Herrmann's orchestra suite for ALL THAT MONEY CAN BUY, Aaron Copland's suite for OUR TOWN, and my own suite for REBECCA, have been played by prominent symphony orchestras after only minor changes of timing had been made.
More and more, music today is used for its own sake rather than for punctuating dynamics, supplementing action, or coloring dramaturgy. There are instances in which the mood of a scene is accomplished by underscoring it with one single instrument. The tone color alone of the instrument will determine and set forth the acquired mood. In PRIDE OF THE MARINES, in the scene where John Garfield as Al Schmid walks alone through Pennsylvania Station, as the camera booms high, giving a feeling of the vast space of the terminal and the awful loneliness of the man going to war, alone, sad, with not a soul to bid him farewell and godspeed, I used a solo trumpet. There is nothing else so sad as a trumpet, so lonely as a trumpet, and it was right for this scene. The one trumpet playing colored the mood.
I believe that the first and primary principle of good scoring for motion pictures is the color of orchestration. The melody is only secondary. Looking at a scene or a sequence, I see a horn or massed violins. An instance of this is the opening sequence of GOD IS MY CO-PILOT, wherein a deep emotional belief is expressed. I scored this with massed violins.
In the motion picture industry, the constant search for the new and the intrinsically good is encouraged by the increasing number of independent productions in which a composer can concentrate on one film, or one score, giving room for more scope, more initiative, more invention. I also advocate some expenditure on experimental films wherein composers can write provocative music.
Our struggle is with the exhibitors, who, unaware of the potentialities of modern music, want the established themes, the easily recognizable music. I am sure they would not want the flowery language of the early Victorian days in a modern movie, still they seem to hang onto the flowery patterns of the music of yesterday. So it is the cliché of music that we have to combat in order to escape stagnation.
We also have to combat critics who invariably condemn the compositions of a movie composer as work which is “movie-ish.” I should like to wager that in some future time this may be a compliment.
We must guide audiences and anticipate their tastes by presenting the best we can write, by composing scores that are pure, correct, integrated, and of stature. We who compose for the screen may be of real help to those who rarely hear a symphony orchestra or attend a concert.
An example of progressive co-operation between producer and musician is Bernard Herrmann's piano concerto for the final sequence in HANGOVER SQUARE. He actually completed the music before the picture was photographed; the director liked it and conceived camera movement and direction to suit the concerto. The result was magnificent. It showed unity of rhythm, action, and movement that has seldom been achieved in other pictures.
It is a cherished hope of mine that some day the movie tycoons will realize the extent of their responsibilities toward the cultural and artistic progress of our country and endow some of today's composers so that great works can be written for public entertainment and enlightenment. We need time if we are to create. And time is expensive.
There will always be fresh musical ideas developed in composing for the screen.
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