Hollywood Quarterly, Vol. 3, No. 3 (Spring, 1948), pp. 323-326
Copyright © 1948, by The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
A scene from the Crown Film Unit production INSTRUMENTS OF THE ORCHESTRA
The Crown Film Unit and its founder members, the General Post Office Film Unit and the E.M.B. [Empire Marketing Board] Unit,* have always been noted for the quality of the music used in their productions. Because it has no “big names,” technicolor, large-scale publicity campaigns, or any of the other devices used to herald the arrival of the latest feature film, documentary film lacks superficial appeal to the general public. For this very reason I believe that music, if its possibilities are fully realized, can serve one of its most satisfying and useful purposes in the cinema in connection with the documentary.
Disposing of the customary trimmings throws the film itself into a more normal perspective; pure sight and sound are entirely dependent on each other in the ideal documentary film. At the same time, music plays a doubly important part, providing, as it must, a larger than usual share of the entertainment. Music can help to humanize the subject and widen its appeal. Music can make the film less intellectual and more emotional. It can influence the reaction of the audience to any given sequence.
So slender were the finances of the E.M.B. Film Unit, in the early days, that it was not able to make sound films at all, and only on its conversion to the Post Office do we find a complete transfer to talkies. The Unit's first composer was Walter Leigh, whose music for the Basil Wright-John Grierson film SONG OF CEYLON remains to this day a classic of film-music history. Many innovations were used by Leigh for this picture. The music was written first, and then the film was cut - a procedure unheard of at that time. The sound track sometimes required seven channels, as Leigh worked solidly for more than three weeks on a long series of recording experiments, many of which were years ahead of their time. The native music was made with a troupe of Cingalese dancers and drummers who were brought over from Ceylon for this experiment, which represented, in film-music technique, an advance which was to have its effect on documentary throughout the world. Leigh continued his association with the Unit up to the time of his death in 1942.
For some years, Benjamin Britten was associated with the G.P.O. Unit. His films include NIGHT MAIL (1936), COAL FACE (1936), LINE TO TSCHIERVA HUT (1937), THE SAVINGS OF BILL BLEWITT (1937), SIXPENNY TELEGRAM (1938), CALENDAR OF THE YEAR (1937), and THE TOCHER, a silhouette fantasy made to popularize the Post Office Savings Bank, and produced by Lotte Reiniger in 1938. In 1946, Britten renewed his association with the Unit for INSTRUMENTS OF THE ORCHESTRA.
Then there was Ernst Meyer, sound effects expert and composer, who scored ROADWAYS in 1937 for Cavalcanti; he also wrote the music for NORTH SEA, spending several weeks with a trawler fleet at sea before writing the music. It was about this time that three French composers were invited to supply the music for a trio of G.P.O. productions: WE LIVE IN TWO WORLDS (music by Maurice Jaubert), THE ISLANDERS (music by Darius Milhaud), and FORTY MILLION PEOPLE (music by Marius François Gaillard). Brian Easdale, composer for the Archers' film BLACK NARCISSUS, was also a Post Office man, scoring BIG MONEY (1937), JOB IN A MILLION (1937), and MEN IN DANGER (1939). Alan Rawsthorne began his film career with THE CITY, a G.P.O. picture made in 1939.
Although the name was not altered until some months after the outbreak of World War II, the G.P.O. unit became in effect the “Crown Film Unit” a few hours after Neville Chamberlain had announced the fateful news that Britain was at war. The next six years were to see some very fine work by the Unit. In 1940, Walter Leigh wrote his last score for SQUADRON 992; perhaps a quotation from a review that appeared at the time will suffice to sum up this picture: “Here is not only the best film which has been made about the war; it is a film which sets a new high spot in documentary, by achieving a perfect combination of fact, humour, and dramatic story. The music of this film is as good as everything else about it.” (Documentary News Letter, 1940.)
Richard Addinsell (of Warsaw Concerto and feature-film fame) scored MEN OF THE LIGHTSHIP in 1940. A year later, Constant Lambert wrote his only film-music work, MERCHANT SEAMEN, which has since been heard frequently as a concert suite. The music of TARGET FOR TONIGHT has been misquoted as the work of William Walton; actually it was written by Leighton Lucas, the orchestra of the R.A.F. being conducted by Sgt. John Hollingsworth. After a spell as a documentary-film producer, I was invited to take on the work of Music Director to the Crown Unit (as well as the R.A.F. and Army film units), and it was about this time that I first persuaded Ralph Vaughan Williams to enter the film world for the picture 49TH PARALLEL. This grand old man showed such a quick grasp of the problems involved in film work and entered into the business with such enthusiasm that we were soon able to offer him another film. For Crown's COASTAL COMMAND he composed a delightful score which met with the unqualified approval of everyone both inside and outside the unit. As Ken Cameron, Crown Unit sound recordist, says: “When we heard the music, we knew that here was something great, something, indeed, finer and more alive than any music we had ever had before.”
Also in 1942, Addinsell composed a very neat score for WE SAIL AT MIDNIGHT, a film about Lend-Lease. 1943 saw the advent of Sir Arnold Bax, Master of the King's Musick, into the cinema, and I can tell you that it took quite a bit of persuasion to get him to write this music for us - music which afterward became a concert suite that has since been performed in all parts of the country and has now been recorded. As Hubert Clifford remarked, “Arnold Bax's music for MALTA G.C. is of the highest distinction and ranges from the epic to the naively human in parallel with the exciting subject matter of the film.” Other interesting music of that year included William Alwyn's FIRES WERE STARTED, and Gordon Jacob's CLOSE QUARTERS.
In 1944 we did THE TRUE STORY OF LILI MARLENE, a perfect gem of a musical short film based on a simple tune that had a colorful story behind it, the song, captured by the Eighth Army from the Afrika Korps, symbolic of a victorious campaign by the Allies. The musical transcription was by Dennis Blood. That year, Clifton Parker wrote the music for WESTERN APPROACHES; the Seascape from this film I recorded with the London Symphony Orchestra for Decca.
In 1945 a great number of interesting scores were produced - among them Benjamin Frankel's THE BROAD FOURTEENS, Christian Darnton's HARBOUR GOES TO FRANCE, the late Victor Hely-Hutchinson's Empire films SOUTH AFRICA and New Zealand, and an outstanding first score by Guy Warrack for THE LAST SHOT, followed by DEFEATED PEOPLE. For the latter, Warrack secured two musical effects that immediately put him in the front rank of documentary composers. To shots of the gutted steel shell of the Krupps Essen Factory the music gives great drama by musically reconstructing the air raid that originally destroyed the plant. Another scene shows a conversation between an S.S. man on the run and a British interrogation officer, done entirely by music, with no speech whatsoever. Both items were most effective.
Clifton Parker's CHILDREN ON TRIAL and Addinsell's DIARY FOR TIMOTHY both belong to 1946. Designed originally as a twenty-minute short film for schools, INSTRUMENTS OF THE ORCHESTRA is a demonstration in picture and sound of the instruments and sections that go to make up a modern symphony orchestra. Benjamin Britten took a theme by Purcell and showed first the four main divisions of the orchestra - wood wind, strings, brass, and percussion. Then he provided a set of variations to show each instrument in the groups separately; having taken the orchestra to pieces, he wrote a fugue in which every instrument enters, one by one, until the entire orchestra is all playing the fugue tune in one great blaze of sound. The music was recorded by the London Symphony Orchestra at Wembley Town Hall, and shot to playback at Pinewood.
Sir Malcolm Sargent is the conductor, the recording is by Ken Cameron, the picture constitutes my first attempt as a film director. It was intended at first for nontheatrical distribution only, but MGM saw it, liked it, and put it out as a short on general release and at first-run theaters. Since then the film has had a great many screenings in all parts of the country and has also been seen in the United States, where it has, I believe, attracted widespread attention and received strong backing from such organizations as the National Film Music Council. The music has established itself and was performed at the Promenade Concerts in London in 1947; it is also available on phonograph records.
In 1948 we made our second film in the same series, entitled THE STEPS OF THE BALLET. This does for the ballet what our previous film did for the orchestra. It has Robert Helpmann as commentator, with choreography by Andree Howard and music by Arthur Benjamin (whose JAMAICA RHUMBA was well known in Canada and America a few years back). The recording was made by the Philharmonic Orchestra and our team of Sadlers Wells ballet dancers was headed by Alexander Grant and Gerd Larsen.
The musical direction of Crown Film Unit as a whole was taken over by John Hollingsworth in 1947. Among the notable films he has handled in his first year are PARK HERE, with music by Kinneth Pakeman, HERE IS THE GOLD COAST, with music by Guy Warrack, and THE WORLD IS RICH, an outstanding film on the subject of the world food supplies, produced by Paul Rotha. The music was written by Clifton Parker.
To John Hollingsworth, a young conductor with a considerable reputation in the concert hall (he toured in America with the R.A.F. Symphony Orchestra during the war), goes the task of maintaining one of the greatest traditions in British film music. In documentary there is scope for experiment, a freedom for the composer, unknown among the commercial limitations of the feature film, a training ground for the younger generation of film musicians, and an opportunity to become associated with a class of film making for which this country is renowned throughout the world.
Reprinted, with a new supplementary section, from the British Central Office of Information's official Monthly Review of the Films Division.
* Editor’s note : John Huntley records in British Film Music (London : Skelton Robinson, 1947) that DRIFTERS, a silent film about the North Sea herring fleet, made by John Grierson (1898-1972), marked the beginning of a small group of documentaries known as the Empire Marketing Film Unit. The E.M.B wound up in 1933.
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