Behind the Screen: To Kill a Mockingbird by Fred Karlin
Originally published in Music from the Movies Issue 22, 1999
Text reproduced by kind permission of the editor, Paul Place
The American Film Institute announced in June its list of “100 Years… 100 Movies,” a ranking of one hundred of America's best films made since the Edison Company first projected motion pictures at a public exhibition in New York City in April, 1896, as part of a vaudeville show featuring live acts. TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD, released in 1962, was ranked thirty-fourth, just after THE TREASURE OF THE SIERRA MADRE, ANNIE HALL, THE GODFATHER PART II, and HIGH NOON, and ahead of JAWS (forty-eight), VERTIGO (sixty-one), FORREST GUMP (seventy-one), and YANKEE DOODLE DANDY (one hundred). Why did fifteen leaders from the American film community place Mockingbird on this list, and what does this tell us about the movie and therefore the score?
Great films are usually about something - some subject, some overall dramatic theme. First on the AFI list is Orson Welles' 1941 classic CITIZEN KANE. The list continues: CASABLANCA, THE GODFATHER, GONE WITH THE WIND, LAWRENCE OF ARABIA. True, these are big films, but with a dramatic theme at the core, nevertheless. Others on this list, however, are small, singular films with a message: ON THE WATERFRONT, IT'S A WONDERFUL LIFE, and TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD are good examples.
If a film has a dramatic theme, then the music becomes significant in framing that theme, perhaps expanding it, focusing in on it, even giving it more scope and breadth than it might have otherwise. The composer must know what the film is about, and so must the audience. The concept of the score will often evolve from this overall dramatic theme or some aspect of it.
If the film has a complex interweaving of themes, finding just the right approach can be very difficult. “In many ways,” Elmer Bernstein has said, “TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD was one of the most difficult scores to write. I distinctly remember procrastinating for weeks before committing a single note to paper. The problem I was having related to what role the music should play in the film. The elements I was dealing with were those of a father's love for his children, the children themselves, a small town in the South, the depression, and racial bigotry.”
Ultimately Bernstein developed a concept that would work perfectly for the film. As he pointed out in his own journal in 1976 (Filmmusic Notebook Volume II, Number Three), “After some time it became clear to me that music could most help to create that special magic that is a children's imagination and that wonderful innocent and straightforward way that children see the world around them.” TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD is a powerful indictment of racial bigotry and prejudice against the unknown, narrated by the young girl (Scout) as an adult looking back on her childhood experiences. The film is certainly about the beautiful innocence and nobility of childhood.
Once the composer decides on a concept, then other decisions follow more easily. Bernstein's score for MOCKINGBIRD is a definitive example of the use of small, chamber orchestra textures and dynamics to score a motion picture. Simplicity and subtlety are the musical and dramatic means to express the children's point of view. So we hear bell-like colours (piano, celesta, harp, vibes), and we hear light solo colours - especially piano and flute (note the unaccompanied single piano line at the opening, and the unaccompanied flute as the jury begins their deliberation); we rarely hear the cellos and double basses in their lower register, although they are sometimes playing; there are definite and specific dynamic shifts from soft to loud and back again, but the overall levels are not as great as in John Williams' score for RAIDERS OF THE LOST ARK or even Bernard Herrmann's strings-only score for PSYCHO. Strongly played dramatic moments in MOCKINGBIRD include the appearance of a man's shadow as Jem crawls along Boo's porch, and the attack in the woods.
In order to reduce the overall level of the dynamic / dramatic range of the score, many of the moments in the film when the children are frightened are played more for mystery than terror or pure suspense. This keeps the score attached to the children. When the small boy rides on a train in WITNESS (1985) Maurice Jarre provides an air of mystery - something is going to happen, something unusual, something unknown. Perhaps something dangerous - we don't know. The music floats through the air in the mid-range, creating this atmosphere, as it often does in MOCKINGBIRD (although Jarre's music when used in this way is strictly a sustained sound used for atmosphere). Adding cellos and double basses to some of these moments would create an ominous tone for the film. Dramatically, had he done this, Bernstein would have replaced the children's curiosity in confronting the mysterious aspects of their small town with a much darker, more foreboding atmosphere. This would have changed the score from its intended concept and purpose. Therefore, several of the moments of the children's terror are played predominantly with woodwinds in the mid-upper register, including the cue that scores the appearance of a man who begins to cement the tree hollow.
Even the dubbing of the music onto the soundtrack contributes to this concept. Listen to the cue that begins as they all drive off after the dog is shot. In general, if you compare the original soundtrack recording on CD to what you will hear on a home video screening of this movie, you may be amazed at how much more dynamic range and low end actually exist in the score. The music levels on the film have sometimes been dubbed a bit softer than we are now accustomed to hearing, in keeping with Bernstein's concept (shared by producer Alan Pakula and director Robert Mulligan). Even so, the orchestra itself is small, and the overall effect on CD is, of course, much more intimate than the scores we now hear for big films such as ARMAGEDDON. Within this more subtle approach to texture and dynamics, bold changes make a significant emotional impact. When the children are attacked in the woods, the score's sudden aggressiveness is all the more telling.
Bernstein's excellent new recording of his score, on which he conducts the Royal Scottish National Orchestra, is available on Varèse Sarabande. Bernstein's score is impeccably phrased with the drama. There are examples throughout the film of the shifting or evolution of the score from one dramatic phrase to the next. Some moments to listen for: the dialogue scene between Jem and Scout at night as they discuss the gifts Jem has found in the hollow of a tree; Jem and Scout walking through the woods near the end of the film, followed by the attack; Boo and Scout talking at the end of the film while Jem sleeps.
Alan Pakula once observed that composers are afraid of silence. This is certainly not true of Bernstein, and there are marvellous silent moments within this score when the music pauses briefly before continuing again. Good examples of this include the cues scoring the attack in the woods and Jem crawling on Boo's porch, and the cue referenced above as Jem and his sister Scout talk about the gifts.
The long courtroom sequence is unscored, which is typical in films of any era. Courtroom scenes are usually presented as docudrama, and most filmmakers and composers choose to play them reportorially. Exceptions generally include scoring unusually powerful, significant emotional moments, and highlighting deep psychological insights. THE CAINE MUTINY, scored by Max Steiner and released in 1954, has no music during the entire court-martial hearing, even when Humphrey Bogart breaks down at the end. There is no score during the courtroom scenes of ANATOMY OF A MURDER (1959). THE ACCUSED (1988) has score in the courtroom only after the first verdict is read. A TIME TO KILL (1996) has one courtroom cue, after defendant Samuel L. Jackson testifies that he believes the rapists of his ten year old daughter deserve to die, and shouts, “I hope they burn in Hell!”
In A FEW GOOD MEN (1992), Marc Shaiman contributes a 1:15 cue (on the laser disc at 10:10 on side three) when one of the defendants agonises while testifying. The only other cues during any of the many courtroom scenes in this film are a short cue that begins on Jack Nicholson after he is arrested at the end of the film (38:48, side three) and the music for the long wrap-up scene which begins as the judge reads the verdict (39:43, side three).
After the dissolution of the studio contract orchestras in the mid-fifties, filmmakers and composers worked with different sounds and orchestral combinations when appropriate. Large orchestras still prevailed for epic pictures - Maurice Jarre's score for LAWRENCE OF ARABIA, which we'll look at in a future column, won the Oscar the year MOCKINGBIRD was released. But the films of the sixties stimulated a good deal of variety with scores such as THE PINK PANTHER (Henry Mancini), TOM JONES (John Addison), A PATCH OF BLUE (Jerry Goldsmith), and COOL HAND LUKE (Lalo Schifrin). Bernstein's score for TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD earned him his third Academy Award Nomination and has become a landmark score in the history of film music.
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