Behind the Screen: Casablanca by Fred Karlin
Originally published in Music from the Movies Issue 22, 1999
Text reproduced by kind permission of the editor, Paul Place
When Max Steiner agreed to score the Warner Bros. movie CASABLANCA, he insisted on replacing Herman Hupfeld's 1931 song As Time Goes By, preferring to use one of his own. His logic was nearly irrefutable - use of this previously written song would handicap him as a composer, forcing him to score the film with a theme not nearly as customised and functional for this specific project as the new one he might write.
This solid logic has worked many times since then. When John Williams met with George Lucas to discuss the music for STAR WARS, he convinced the director that new music in the style they both agreed upon as ideal for the film would give the composer much more freedom and opportunity to develop his score appropriately for the characters as the film itself developed.
After considerable resistance, when shooting was finished the producers agreed to replace the song even though it had already been mentioned by the stars and sung on-camera by Sam (Dooley Wilson). But this meant reshooting footage with Ingrid Bergman, who had just cut her hair to star in FOR WHOM THE BELL TOLLS, and matching her look in CASABLANCA was hopeless. Max Steiner's score for this classic film, interlaced with the tune he was consequently required to use, is a textbook example of the art of film music adaptation. But before we can really appreciate his accomplishments in Casablanca, we must consider the possibility that Steiner's film music is often an acquired taste for our current sensibilities. There are several reasons for this.
His scoring is on the nose. When the location is Casablanca in French Morocco, his music immediately helps colour that locale with the appropriately exotic hues. In fact, most of his main title music blends that exotic sound with suggestions of the intense drama to follow a device that is still used frequently in contemporary films). When the location moves to Paris, you can count on the music to deliver that information with a suggestion of La Marseillaise. In fact, there are many moments in this score that paraphrase a bit of this tune (sometimes in the minor mode), typically referencing the role of France and its sympathisers in this World War Il drama. Even when we seem to need it the least, as when the camera moves in on a pamphlet that says “Free France,” the score still plays La Marseillaise.
Similarly, his points of emphasis are often obvious. When the Germans shoot a man in the street during the opening sequence, his music highlights the shot with an accent just after the sound effect, and then another heavier accent as the man hits the ground. He frequently hits the action in this way. At the end of the film, he accents the deposit of a bottle of Vichy water in a waste basket to emphasise the dissolution of Renault’s (Claude Rains) accommodation of the Germans. In general, even when there is not such a specific hit, Steiner's music plays into the drama, strongly emphasising each dramatic moment. He never plays through the action, as we may be inclined to do today in certain kinds of films. There have been so many movies and television shows since 1942, and we have all seen and experienced so many films, that our contemporary ears don't necessarily need the music to stay consistently at this high level of emotional and dramatic involvement for the personal aspects of the story. Actions yes, but not always personal emotions and reactions. Even as this style pulls us into the story it may put us off intellectually.
The actual performance by Steiner's Warner Bros. orchestra is typically more emotional than we are now accustomed to - some would say schmaltzy. This, combined with less than full-spectrum reproduction of the sound on the old optical tracks can make us feel that we are in a time warp and that this music is no longer relevant to what we create and expect to hear today. To get past this particular problem, listen to some of the newer recordings of Steiner's music from the thirties and forties. Among others, KING KONG was released by Marco Polo in 1996 with William T. Stromberg conducting the Moscow Symphony Orchestra (an earlier re-recording by Fred Steiner with the National Philharmonic Orchestra may be a collectors’ item now), Tara's Theme from GONE WITH THE WIND is available on the Hollywood Bowl Orchestra's Hollywood Dreams with John Mauceri conducting, and Charles Gerhardt's groundbreaking series of available re-recordings for RCA in the seventies includes a CD of Steiner's cues entitled NOW, VOYAGER. Hearing these CDs for the first time can be a revelation as they place early scores into our current frame of reference.
All in all, we shouldn't ask, would I do this the same way today, half a century later? Let's ask how we can best accomplish the same thing today - that is, fulfil the same dramatic needs of the film today. In his New York Tribune review when CASABLANCA was released, Bosley Crowther said, “They have so combined sentiment, humour and pathos with taut melodrama and bristling intrigue that the result is a highly entertaining and even inspiring film.” Scores rarely play the humour in films of this sort, so the music was required to underscore sentiment, pathos, intensity, urgency, and ultimately inspiration. This was its function, to contribute these qualities to the film through music, as and where needed. The occasional suggestion of regional music contributes to the film's intensity or urgency, a technique that Steiner uses well for that purpose in the Blue Parrot scenes to underscore the bristling intrigue.
The element of sentiment is key - CASABLANCA is a profoundly romantic film. Profound because, as film critic Roger Ebert put it, “Casablanca is not about love anyway, but about nobility.” Steiner uses the melody of As Time Goes By to play both the romance and the drama. The irresistible attraction felt by Ilsa (Bergman) and Rick (Bogart) leads ultimately to their parting for a greater good. As Rick says, “The problems of three little people don’t amount to a hill of beans in this crazy world.” By then, the romantic associations of As Time Goes By established by Steiner throughout the movie are a deeply moving emotional force. From the moment Ilsa first asks Sam to “Play it once, Sam,” that song and Rick and Ilsa are one. Steiner begins using the song theme on his first cue after Sam finishes singing, weaving its phrases here and there throughout the cue as Victor Laszlo (Paul Henreid) and Ilsa leave the Café.
Listen for the many subsequent uses of this theme in various forms. Steiner sometimes merely suggests the tune, duplicating its rhythmic motion or contour. Many times he develops the harmony under the theme, giving the song's melody a more sombre or dramatic flavour. Listen also to the following moment when you may expect to hear the theme, but won't. Ilsa has secretly left her hotel to talk to Rick about the Letters of Transit in his possession - her only hope for Victor's escape from Casablanca. Music starts as Rick sees Ilsa in his room, but it is not the theme we hear. She's on a mission. The theme doesn't start until she aims a gun at Rick, and then it is used dramatically, not romantically. Perhaps the most stunning example of Steiner's thematic adaptation is the metamorphosis of the tune as Rick walks toward her and they hug. The first bar is not As Time Goes By but the score moves into the second bar of the melody as he hugs her, before modulating and developing further.
Throughout all his uses of the song theme, Max Steiner himself must have been identifying the function of the score and therefore adapting the tune to serve the immediate dramatic needs of the film. In Henry Mancini's words, this adaptation “is masterful.” For an interesting comparison, listen to Hugo Friedhofer's outstanding adaptation of John Green's BODY AND SOUL in the 1947 song-titled film about boxing - another effective use of a pop standard. Friedhofer, Steiner’s favourite orchestrator, orchestrated CASABLANCA.
Both the New York Tribune and New York Times reviews mention the powerful scene at Rick's Café in which the Gestapo soldiers, singing the German song Die Wacht Am Rhein, are drowned out by the entire crowd, led by Victor, singing La Marseillaise. One of the most emotional moments in the film, this is a remarkable example of source music written into the screenplay to be performed on screen by the actors. The singers and their songs become symbolic for the universal forces of good and evil, and when the good prevail, we cry with empathy and compassion. La Marseillaise adds some extra emotional clout to the score through Steiner's integration of it in subsequent scenes.
CASABLANCA started out as another 'B' film on the Warner Bros. 1942 release schedule - one of fifty or so. It won the Academy Award for Best Picture and ended up a classic, deeply rooted in our western culture. If we filmed it now it would be a period piece, a look back at the early days of World War II. But at the time it was a contemporary drama driven with the immediacy of current events. Although not an exact quote from the film, why not “Play it again, Sam,” listening this time for Max Steiner's enormous contribution to this film.
Fred Karlin (1936-2004), an Oscar and Emmy winning composer, author of ‘Listening to Movies’, and co-author of ‘On the Track’ with Rayburn Wright, created and hosted his 'Fred Karlin Film Scoring Workshop' at ASCAP (1988-96).
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