Music Journal (New York), Vol. XI, No.8, August, 1953 (pp26,27)
George Antheil, the "Bad Boy of Music," has turned out provocative motion picture scores with greater consistency for a longer period of time than almost any other Hollywood composer. His string of successes ranges from the Ben Hecht-Noel Coward picture, THE SCOUNDREL, to the current Stanley Kramer-Kirk Douglas hit, THE JUGGLER. In between there have been such divergent films as Hecht's ONCE IN A BLUE MOON, ANGELS OVER BROADWAY and SPECTRE OF THE ROSE; DeMille's THE PLAINSMAN; the Humphrey Bogart films, KNOCK ON ANY DOOR and IN A LONELY PLACE; the rollicking THE PLAINSMAN AND THE LADY; and another Kramer film, THE SNIPER.
Antheil's current chore is an independent film, DEMENTIA, which is being produced by John Parker, owner of a string of "art film" houses, and which will be somewhat in the surrealist nature of the old Dali-Bunel French picture, LE CHIEN ANDALOU.
Most of these have had as their theme or their means of expression the psychological vagaries of an individual or a group of persons. In a sense one might call Antheil a type-cast film composer, since he has worked some 75 per cent of the time on offbeat pictures in which mental aberration, or at least against-the-crowd individualism, is a theme. He comes as near being a specialist as any composer in Hollywood.
For a long time the stock formula in composing for Hollywood pictures was to "theme" everyone in the picture. More and more, however, the better scorers are tending to "theme" emotions rather than individuals or literal actions, and in this trend Antheil has been a pioneer.
In THE JUGGLER, for instance, he did very little "theming," save for the use of a motive assigned to Kirk Douglas' claustrophobic fear, which is worked out in variations throughout the picture. Antheil is a great one for the theme and variation technique in film music, but uses it in a way which endeavors to change and reorient the original theme as the action or thought of the story dictates. It is done so adroitly that few are conscious of it.
In the experimental film, DEMENTIA, Antheil has written his most dissonant score, over an hour of solid music in which there is not one lush melody. In a sense the score is one of the stars of this picture, for it, like THE THIEF, uses no dialogue in its depiction of a young girl's dream. The music itself takes the place of dialogue and keeps up a running commentary on the action in much the same way that a psychiatrist might make clinical notes of the disclosures made by a patient on his couch. Antheil and producer Parker describe DEMENTIA as a sort of psychological ballet in cinematic form.
In the Hecht films and in DEMENTIA, Antheil was called in while the script was being prepared, for advice on the spacing of the action to permit the greatest opportunity for the music to function as a forwarding-agent of the story. In the Kramer films the writers were instructed to consult Antheil on spacing of the script for musical effects--especially in THE JUGGLER, where there is one hour and ten minutes of music!
Antheil describes time as the main problem of the film composer. Whereas from three months to a year may be spent writing a symphony, the film composer has perhaps three or four weeks to do his preliminary sketches and some three weeks in which to do the actual score after the picture is finished. Yet the complete score quite often runs double the length of today's average symphony and has complex problems of timing which an abstract score does not.
In general, Antheil, after being signed to write the music for a film, gets a copy of the shooting script, and from that prepares a rough musical treatment in which the general line of musical construction, the major themes, and the orchestral treatment are tentatively worked out. Often, some 50 per cent of this is waste effort in the light of changes in the actual shooting of the picture and problems of timing posed by the finished product, but at least much of the creative work has been done and a solid basis laid for the high-pressure routine to follow.
When the picture is finished Antheil goes to see it, makes scribbled notes, and comes home and types out a lengthy article which sums up his impressions of the picture, endeavoring to put out of his mind all his preliminary ideas and the composition he has done. Then come the two most important aspects of the job: the aligning of the preliminary sketches with his new impression of the finished film—which may mean considerable revamping in some cases—and the "spotting sessions" in which Antheil, the producer, the director, and the music director get together and specifically determine just where, at what length and in what form music shall be utilized in the film. In this discussion the actual framework of the score is blueprinted through what is often a series of compromises by all persons involved. It is not merely a question of the time and placement of the music; the size of the orchestra (often dictated by the budget), the emphasis on the music (shall it be "over" or "under" the action), and shall it be continual or episodic, and so on must be considered.
Once the general character has thus been blocked out, the studio's music cutter does an exact timing job in accordance with this outline. He prepares "cues" (sequences) ranging from a few seconds to three or five minutes in length. These are delivered to Antheil at a rate of usually not more than three minutes of musical playing-time per day. The infinite care which must be taken to time these "cues" to the action is out of all proportion to the length of music in each, which accounts for the rate of about three minutes a day.
Using these "cues" Antheil composes his music to the split-second timing required, working from his original rough score and from additional "roughs" done after having seen the picture and attended the "spotting sessions." In THE JUGGLER Antheil did virtually all of his own orchestration; usually, however, he works with his pupil Ernest Gold (a thirty-year-old composer in his own right, with several film scores to his credit), or with Arthur Morton, another fine orchestrator. For their orchestration he prepares a piano score with indications of instrumentation, of a five-stave "short score" from which they prepare an orchestrated version which he approves or corrects. Three minutes of music a day adds up to 21 minutes a week or about three weeks for an hour-long score. The daily rate seems very little, but an hour of music in three weeks, when one considers timing problems too, is almost a Mozartean pace.
C. S. Hickman was music critic for the B’nai B’rith Messenger newspaper in Los Angeles. He died at the age of 45 during March 1959. He also wrote for the Christian Science Monitor and Pasadena Independent-Star News. A charter member of the National Music Critics association he was secretary-treasurer of the Southern California Music Critics Circle.
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