Dimitri Tiomkin’s music score for the Edmond Rostand classic, CYRANO de BERGERAC, is marked by several notable features. Foremost is an excursion into the past, not only from the use of the distinctive instrumentation of 17th century France but in a much greater sense, from a complete incorporation of a musical style that parallels quite effectively the action and time element of Rostand's master piece. To achieve a perfection of period mood throughout the two hour film productlon is quite a task, and yet Mr. Tiomkin has been able to create a definite musical picture of the era represented.
It is interesting to note the research done by Mr. Tiomkin for this film. Besides delving into the archives on 17th century music, the composer spent a great deal of time in New York searching for special instruments and for performers having the technique necessary to produce fully their archaic musical flavor. The net result of all this intensive labor on behalf of 17th century authenticity is a score entrenched in tradition, alive with the color and richness of the past, and equipped with musical integrity.
Many old instruments, which had fallen into disuse, were resurrected by composer-conductor Tiomkin and incorporated into the score - lute, serpent, viola d’amore, harpsichord and Napoleonic coronation drums. For special functions during the requiem scene Tiomkin had bells shipped to Hollywood from St. Mary’s convent, which were used with a twenty voice women’s choir conducted by Manuel Emanuel. Electronic carillon bells were used for the battle scenes, as were two orchestras, each playing separate and contrasting material. 93 musicians were assembled for the four day recording. These were divided into 4 combinations: a main section of 52 players, a 31 piece brass choir, a small period ensemble of 17 pieces and a special 6 man percussion section playing a hand series of iron anvils which were sounded with mallets of iron-bound leather.
The composer of the music for CYRANO is a confirmed believer in the expressive power of melody. This observation is repeatedly demonstrated throughout the score, especially in the themes for CYRANO, Roxane, her attendant and for the many intimate touches required by the story. In places, the musical style almost approached that of Rameau, so close is it to the 17th century, both in melodic conception and harmonic design. A great portion of the score is simple background accompaniment arranged for quiet strings and solo woodwinds, held down to an extremely subdued pianissimo for reasons of dialogue clarity. The melodies are short phrases for the most part repeated with restraint and contrast. This repetition is essential and effective and is supplemented by a partial “leitmotiv” characterization. Situations, emotions and personalities involved have their own individual musical significance. The music parallels the temperament of the character to an astonishing degree ; Roxane’s music is simple, sweet, naive and quite charming in mood, while the music for Cyrano is decidedly objective and vigorous.
It is to be argued whether or not this latter treatment of the musical material has been overdone. I do not believe so and for this reason: the action and flavor of the story of CYRANO “and the nose that preceded him by a quarter of an hour,” is set in an atmosphere of comedy and romantic exaggeration. Therefore, if the film situations called for by the story are built up beyond the bounds of credibility, there is no reason to deny the musical score the same freedom. If musical figures mock and poke fun at the action depicted this assists the audience in comprehending the aims of the film they are witnessing.
The screen titles and credits are accompanied by an overture in the early 18th concerto-grosso style which sets the stage for the action following (the first scene opens in a theater) and thereby serves as a curtain raiser. It contains the germs of several of the motives used throughout the film. In this opening section, cast in the form of the traditional overture, a distinctive color effect is supplied by the initial use of the harpsichord.
Following the main title music, there is a brief musical episode containing two contrasting phrases. One, a soft string line, accompanies the actor on the stage. The other, a loud blustering horn figure (from the overture) depicts the entrance of Cyrano and characterises his nose. This figure is later expanded in a fully developed fugal passage during the scene where Cyrano battles the hundred men in the Street fight.
After these two musical punctuations, there is a complete absence of music for about thirty minutes. When Roxane’s attendant appears, the music commences again and presents the following thematic material. This is one of the truly delightful gems in the score and a theme that recurs throughout the film in direct association with the character portrayed. The instrumentation for this interlude is made up of strings (partially pizzicato) and woodwinds assisted by harpsichord and horn. It is a good example of Tiomkin’s melodic conception for this film and is entirely successful in its functional aim. Here again the sound dubbing is very low upon entrance, rising suddenly as Cyrano gestures and walks out of the theater.
Hurrying into the street to help his friend the baker, Cyrano finds himself surrounded by ruffians and defends himself with breath-taking word-play. At the beginning of the fight the Cyrano “Nose” motive is introduced as the subject of a fugue. It ls interesting to note this theme and its dramatic implications. The strong rhythmic syncopation marked by accents, is an exact duplication of the thrusting motions of Cyrano’s sword in this duel sequence. It is a striking example of similar motion patterns and gives powerful dramatic force to the action on the screen. Also, from a composer’s standpoint, it can be pointed out that the strong tone-centers of this motive (marked by accents) form themselves into the pattern of a diminished seventh chord (in this case - a-flat,f,d,b,), a favorite chord of Tiomkin’s and one that is slightly abused from time to time. The music quiets down during the middle portion of the duel, rising to a crescendo again as it parallels the fight action. The instruments used for this sequence include 6 horns, 4 trumpets, harpsichord and strings.
During the bakery interlude the music track is so low at times that it almost becomes neutral in character. But when Roxane notices the wound on Cyrano’s hand, the fugue motive softly marks her words, the musical voice “mickey-mousing” the verbal action. There is a delightful clarinet glissando interjected in this sequence upon the word “beautiful”, an adjective naturally painful to Cyrano, and the clarinet moving down into the low register acutely points up this thorn in his side. Following this sequence, the arrival of Cyrano‘s company the Gascon Cadets is heralded by a military fanfare which swells in volume until it enters forte.
The scene in which Christian taunts Cyrano about his nose, presents an interesting series of dramatic punctuations. A sharply dissonant chord is heard each time Christian interjects the word “nose” into Cyrano's recounting of his street fight. The effect is to fling the insult in Cyrano’s face - even more forcefully, and the audience is made to feel keenly the impact of this hated word. The sound track fades into quiet love music when Cyrano reveals his identity as Roxane’s cousin to Christian and agrees to help him capture her heart by writing Christian’a love letters for him. There is a delightful clarinet solo as the two men rehearse a speech that Cyrano is writing. The lute is quite prominent in this scene and is strummed by Cyrano as accompaniment to his eloquent lines.
The famous garden scene between Roxane, Christian and Cyrano, the latter hidden from Roxane’s view as he prompts all of Christian’s words of love is full of beautiful instrumental effects. The themes for both Roxane and Christian are heard throughout the sequence.
Harpsichord, flute, English horn and strings dominate the garden scene. The music, changing with the action, is sad, joyous, tender. As Christian calls to Roxane, the music mimics the intonations of his voice. Cyrano, pretending to be Christian, speaks to Roxane, and a solo violin again mimics the voice. As Christian climbs the balcony, the music swells, and for dramatic effect is no longer in the 17th century style. Mr. Tiomkin discussed this disparity in style with me, a style which begins in the late 17th century idiom, assumes the characteristics of the 18th and 19th centuries as it progresses and even incorporates during the battle some of the harshness of the early 20th. His reasons correspond directly with the divergent mood transitions designated within the film. To support its emotional aspects, he assumed more of the element attached to the romantic 19th century era. Other dramatic requirements called for a musical approach on stronger terms - an approach that gradually eliminated the harmonic basis and melodic contrapuntal design of the 17th century.
In the Spanish war sequence the composer has mixed two orchestras, recorded on separate sound tracks, one made up of brass and woodwinds, the other of strings. The music heralding the battle quiets down, replaced by an almost complete lack of movement. An ostinato (with oboe on top) holds throughout, punctuated by horns. This frightening, unmoving melodic contour is one of the score's most vital moments. A Spanish motive in high woodwinds as Cyrano crosses the battlefield, and Roxane’s theme become part of the almost deathlike ostinato. A fanfare ushers Roxane to the battlefield, followed by a soft violin solo, and the music grows passionate as the lovers embrace. Later, when Christian is wounded there is indication of coming violence and as he dies, the ostinato and brass horn-call herald the Spanish attack. A bell sounds Christian’s death. As Roxane mourns, a harpsichord mingles with bells, brass dissonances, and complete confusion of sound. No longer are we a part of the quiet romantic 17th or 18th century - the idiom is anywhere from 1865 to 1900 in musical language. Over the entire sequence the Spanish fanfare motive asserts itself. During the battle, you have recapitulation of previously heard motives - the Spanish theme, the fugue motive as Cyrano fights on, and even the overture as the battle fades. Then a time transference is assisted catalytically by the music, for there is a shifting from the battle to a scene years later with Cyrano recalling the regiment’s heroic deeds.
De Guiche's visit to Roxane in the convent has a background of bells and a twenty voice choir which chants an Ave Maria. The harpsichord returns.
Sharp chordal dissonances accompany Cyrano as he goes to visit Roxane. The fugue builds as a cart runs him down. Cyrano falls to the sound of bells, joined by a soft brass chorale line. The scene at the convent may be described as the coda of the score. Here the music is deeply religious. The musical alignment is simple and complete, although consisting of different elements - the choral chant, violin solos, harpsichord and chimes. The brass play in choral fashion, joined by wind and strings. A flute solo has an important part. Cyrano fights an imaginary duel as he meets death. The music repeats the fugue. The final scene transpires with bells ringing, horns and strings rising to a strong climax and ending with a fanfare figure of the overture. The choir adds to the tremendous volume of sound obtained in this closing requiem scene. The entire section literally floats over a sustained Bb in the bells.
In going over the material quoted in this article one can make more or less general remarks about the elements employed by Tiomkin. His melodic habits have already been noted - his choice of short phrases, repeated with familiar and contrasting regularity; his traditional harmonic concept - use of the diminished seventh chord and a development pattern that does not stray too far from any given tonal center. This particular score is not full of musical surprises. No quaint and charming pieces, expertly orchestrated, are in evidence. The archaic style of the beginning is preserved to a high degree throughout the film in spite of sudden digressions into the 18th and 19th centuries. The restraints placed upon the composer by the story have not allowed him much freedom to create music stamped by progressive innovations. The score calls for a musician with experience and tradition, and Mr. Tiomkin has fulfilled his part admirably. There has been ample use of the musical fashions of Cyrano’s time; the trill and baroque imitation patterns appear, in addition to the harpsichord arrangements; minuet form and the fugal development are also used to advantage. Mordents and other Scarlatti embellishments are found in the score. And of course the general pattern of contrapuntal structure maintained through the score greatly adds to the original intent of the composer and producer alike.
Cyrano comes alive on the screen with astonishing boldness. Mr. Tiomkin’s music has a strong part in this resurrection. His well-made colorful score does much to make CYRANO de BERGERAC a rich motion picture experience.
Publisher: Film Music Notes
Publication: Special Bulletin / January 1951 / pp. 2-8
Publisher: National Film Music Council © 1951 All rights reserved
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