Publisher: Music from the Movies
Publication: Issue 20 - Summer 1998, pp 42-44
Copyright © Music from the Movies Ltd 1998. All rights reserved.
It is really hard to understand why Malcolm Arnold's score to 1984 has become an orphan because even if it had nothing else going for it besides one of the composer's finest marches, that alone is reason enough for a re-recording. Beyond that, Arnold's effectively quirky score is gripping and imaginative. Perhaps the Orwell estate's dissatisfaction with the film and their subsequent unwillingness to see it re-released contributed to the unfamiliarity of the score. The US version is only available in illegal washed-out, splicy video copies, where not only is the picture bad, but the soundtrack is almost incomprehensible.
Puzzling -
Aside from all this, the score was written by one of Britain's most visible and popular of composers. That at least a suite from the film has never made it to disc in any form is puzzling. Much of Arnold's film work is available in some form or another, although it is true that many of the original LPs are out of print. Even if that was not the case, when his film work is referred to in the liner notes of his various symphonic works as well as his re-recorded film scores, hardly ever is 1984 included. Yet 1984 is classic Arnold in the very best sense, and a closer listen is well rewarded.
Orwell’s 1949 book, whose independent-thinking main character, Winston Smith, is ultimately crushed by an oppressive political system inspired by an all-seeing imaginary figure called 'Big Brother', was initially produced for British television in the mid-fifties. It was first made into a motion picture in 1956, a black and white production directed by Michael Anderson, with a miscast Edmond O'Brien as a heavyish Winston Smith and Jan Sterling as Julia, the woman Winston clandestinely falls for. The film had a reasonable budget and incorporated large sets, matte paintings and miniatures to create the illusion of a sprawling futuristic city where oppression was all-encompassing. Arnold's sparse score was written a year prior to his Academy Award-winning music for David Lean's THE BRIDGE ON THE RIVER KWAI.
Unlike many American composers whose concert career was damaged by writing film scores, Malcolm Arnold managed to maintain respect in both fields throughout Europe. His many symphonies and concert works continue to be played around the world, and many of these works remain available on disc. His film work is now becoming more accessible, with suites from WHISTLE DOWN THE WIND and HOBSON'S CHOICE among others, newly recorded. 1984, however, seems to have been abandoned.
Impressive march -
If one isolates the sections of 1984 with Arnold's music from the rest of the film, the result is a strange listening experience, for the score is primarily made up of variations on an impressive march, both bold and martial in nature, with an unnerving forward motion. Along with this march there is a series of what we now refer to generically as 'muzak' pieces. Other than that there is a dreamy love theme accompanying Winston and Julia's various rendezvous and lastly, a variety of musical stings and severe fanfares which recur during moments of terror or torture. With the stings and fanfares removed, what remains is hardly a stark listening experience, yet the cumulative effect is one of insidious resignation, an almost giving-in to the oppression. The muzak pieces, unobtrusive music hall background ditties to keep the populace complacent just spin along without vigour or variance, just like elevator muzak. When an announcement comes over a tele-screen accompanied by a forceful fanfare, the contrast is welcome. Finally, some music with guts; it makes us want to like Big Brother.
In the film these muzak pieces are used as source music, relegated to the spaces between broadcasts of party propaganda, playing mildly during scenes in Winston's home quarters or at the cafeteria where the ubiquitous tele-screens can be seen calmly observing humanity. The volume and the flatness of the recording and performance keep us barely aware of them. Although there are a number of different melodies, the cumulative effect is a single, nondescript piece of harmonic mediocrity that drones us into indifference. Yet this is controlled writing, very effective in its ability to lull us into a false sense of security.
The contrast is striking, however, when composer Arnold actually presents us with true underscore, as he does in the scene when Winston, still thinking Julia is a spy for the 'thought police', sees her come into the antique shop where he has just purchased a paperweight. Though we clearly see Winston's utter terror at thinking he is being followed, he keeps his emotions in check until he leaves the shop and runs away in panic. Arnold holds back as well, waiting for the moment when Winston is outside to let the orchestra loose in a short flight of musical fear The strings wind up in a repetitive statement of alarm while directionless brass search for a way out. This continues as Winston runs through the dark streets and we come to realize we are hearing a variation on the main theme march which has worked its way through the chaos. How fitting that the cue ends when Winston is stopped by the police.
Forward drive
- This indefatigable march is pure Malcolm Arnold. He was never afraid of intensity, but his music always seemed to be tempered by reeds or flute, so as not to alienate the listener completely. Similarities to this approach can be heard during his main title music for Lean's RIVER KWAI which shows a crew of prisoners-of-war cutting through a harsh jungle to make way for a railroad. Although the Kwai piece is not a march, it has the same determined forward drive displayed in the pounding percussion and heavy brass. This sequence's only respite is solo flute which accompanies a gliding bird through a clear sky.
In the case of 1984s opening titles, Arnold begins with an uplifting fanfare on strings and woodwinds. By the time the title appears the fanfare has taken a sharp dive into Arnold's stringent march which is written for brass and punctuated by crashing cymbals. It’s as if we were hearing a march meant for a thousand unstoppable tanks. At the credits' finish we see an aerial view of Oceania and the score takes a cautious tone in its use of vibrato strings joined by flute, which continue to play the 1984 march in an unnerving yet restrained and sober form. Over this we see the quote: “This is the story of the future. Not the future of spaceships and men from other planets, but the immediate future.” The tone has been set for what we are about to see.
Unfortunately, what we see is not as effective as it could have been. Director Michael Anderson, who in 1976 gave us the cheesily fake LOGAN'S RUN, at least did better here with Orwell's material, but he was working with a fairly mundane screenplay by William P. Templeton and Ralph Bettinson. And although Jan Sterling was better as the wife of a ghost in television’s Topper, she didn't seem so out of place as Edmond O'Brien who might have been effectively paranoid in D.O.A. (1950), but in 1984 just plain overacts. His stocky build didn't lend itself to the emaciated character in Orwell's novel either.
At least we have Arnold's score, which is one of the few soundly dynamic elements in the entire film. One might take issue with the overtly romantic love theme for Winston and Julia which is perhaps a bit dated by today’s standards, but it’s dear that without a little sweetness the film would have been unbearable to sit through. (The people who did the remake also realized this and sought to alleviate oppression via music).
Once Winston is brought to the Ministry of Love to be interrogated we never hear the love theme again. Instead we sit through Winston's brainwashing and torture - overseen by inner party member O'Conner (a very effective Michael Redgrave) - without music but for some shrill brass fanfares which accompany a few dissolves in time. The finest musical cue in the whole film follows Winston's release from the Ministry of Love. As he steps through the town square and sees Julia sitting by herself, Arnold has a subdued rendition of the 1984 march accompany him. There is a tremolo in the strings as they glide through the familiar theme and in spite of the repressed tone, the forward motion is still there, only temporarily holding back, as if watching and waiting, making sure Winston has in fact been 'cleansed'. After he walks away from Julia he joins a crowd in a cry of “Long Live Big Brother,” and Arnold's march returns in its greatest severity.
Ahead of its time - It should be mentioned that one problem which plagued this production since the start was its multiple endings, no doubt a thorn in the side of the Orwell estate. A British version has Winston killed as a result of his sacrificial attempt to stir the crowd, but this version, imposed by the producers who feared the original ending too bleak, never made it to the US. The ending discussed here is the American one, which more closely conforms to the ending of the book. And Malcolm Arnold's music for this ending is as effective as anything he has ever written. His transformation of the main theme from hesitant watchdog to crashing march is a stunning piece of work, rarely equalled. All in all, Arnold's 1984 is an amazingly varied score, one of his most inventive. Yet in spite of this variety, Arnold's use of 'muzak' as a mind-control device is one of the more effective elements of the score, perhaps even a bit ahead of its time. Muzak certainly existed in 1956 but it wasn't known by that name and didn't become pervasive until the sixties, so Arnold's use of it as a mind-numbing force in 1956 is pretty astounding indeed. Oddly, director Michael Radford's remake, which was produced and released in the year 1984, is fully scored but uses no muzak whatsoever.
That Malcolm Arnold's impressive march for 1984 has never made it to disc in any form - let alone any other part of this interesting score - is a shameless oversight, to say the least. To put it more appropriately, it's nothing less than a 'thought crime'.
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